11-year-cycle) variability, to investigate the solar impacts on the atmospheric circulation and climate. It should be noted that most of the previous studies have adopted the parameters that are dominated by quasi-decadal (i.e. Such a stratosphere ‘top-down’ influence provides a potential pathway through which the solar cycle influences the interdecadal variability of the tropospheric circulation and climate in the Northern Hemisphere. As the propagation of the planetary waves has close relation to the background zonal winds, a downward propagation of the atmospheric anomaly to mid- and high latitudes of the lower stratosphere is generally observed at the solar maximum. Such positive temperature anomalies intensify the mean poleward meridional temperature gradient and hence lead to anomalous westerly wind at mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The increase in solar radiative input during the solar maximum can lead to 1−2☌ of increasing in the zonal-mean annual temperature located below the equatorial stratopause. Associated with the solar maximum, the upper stratospheric zonally averaged temperature at the equator, where the solar radiative input is the largest, is higher compared to that at the solar minimum. In the stratosphere, the heating can be modulated by the solar cycle due to the variations in the ultraviolet absorption by ozone. In the past >100 years, there has been a growing body of evidence that the tropospheric and stratospheric climatic variables are affected by the solar activity on both global and regional scales. sunspot number, solar radio flux at 10.7 cm) exhibits mainly the quasi-decadal variability (i.e. It is well recognized that the variability of the solar activity (e.g. Solar wind, winter climate, interannual variability, stratosphere INTRODUCTIONĪs the fundamental energy source of Earth's climate, the solar irradiance can dramatically influence Earth's climate, the earliest study of which can be traced back to the early eighteenth century. Due to the dominant change in the polar vortex and mid-latitude westerly in boreal winter, a ‘top-down’ propagation of the stationary planetary wave emerges in the Northern Hemisphere and further influences the atmospheric circulation and climate. The warm anomalies in the tropic stratopause and tropopause induced by increased solar-wind–magnetosphere energy persist into the subsequent winter. The concurrent anomalous atmospheric circulation resembles the positive phase of Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation. Based on the E in estimated by 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we demonstrate a novelty that the annual mean E in can explain up to 25% total interannual variance of the northern-hemispheric temperature in the subsequent boreal winter. As one major terrestrial energy source, solar-wind energy flux into Earth's magnetosphere (E in) exhibits dramatic interannual variation, the effect of which on Earth's climate, however, has not drawn much attention. Solar irradiance has been universally acknowledged to be dominant by quasi-decadal variability, which has been adopted frequently to investigate its effect on climate decadal variability.

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