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The same goniometer should always be used to reduce the chances of instrumental error. The neutral zero method (0 to 180- degree system) is the most widely used method. It is necessary that a single notation system is used in goniometry. Some research argues that the reliability of the measurement gotten from a goniometer depends on the type used while some did not see any significant difference between some instruments Techniques for using a goniometer There is some question as to whether or not a goniometer is a sufficiently valid and reliable instrument to determine whether an intervention has been effective. Twin Axis Electrogoniometer: The inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the electrogoniometer is higher than the universal goniometer but challenging to apply in patients' clinical evaluation, hence used more often for research purposes Validity and reliability Arthrodial Goniometer: Ideal for measuring cervical rotation, anteroposterior flexion, and lateral flexion of the cervical spine.ĥ. These applications use the accelerometers in phones to calculate the joint angles.Ĥ. Software/Smartphone-based Goniometer: A smartphone as a digital goniometer has several benefits like availability, ease of measurement, application-based tracking of measurements, and one-hand use.

Gravity Goniometer/Inclinometer: One arm has a weighted pointer that remains vertical under the influence of gravity. The long arm goniometers are more accurate for joints with long levers like the knee and hip joints.Ģ.The short arm goniometer is used for smaller joints like the wrist, elbow, or ankle,.Of all the types, a universal goniometer is most widely used.ġ.Universal Goniometer - comes in two forms: short arm and long arm.

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